What is Quantum Computing? | IBM

Quantum computing is a revolutionary field that harnesses the power of quantum mechanics to perform complex computations. Unlike classical computers, which use bits to store and process information, quantum computers use qubits (short for quantum bits) to run multidimensional quantum algorithms. These machines are elegant, compact, and require less energy compared to supercomputers.

To operate effectively, quantum processors need to be maintained at extremely low temperatures. This is achieved by using super-cooled superfluids, which create superconductors. At ultra-low temperatures, certain materials exhibit a quantum mechanical effect called superconductivity, where electrons can move through them without resistance. When electrons pass through superconductors, they form Cooper pairs and can carry a charge across insulators via a process known as quantum tunneling. By placing two superconductors on either side of an insulator, a Josephson junction is formed, which is utilized in quantum computers.

In IBM’s quantum computers, superconducting qubits are implemented using Josephson junctions. These qubits can be controlled by firing microwave photons at them, allowing for manipulation, storage, and retrieval of individual units of quantum information. While a single qubit has limited utility, it can enter a state of superposition, which represents a combination of all possible configurations of the qubit. By leveraging groups of qubits in superposition, quantum computers can create complex and multidimensional computational spaces. This unique characteristic enables the representation of complex problems in new ways.

Another intriguing aspect of quantum computing is entanglement. Entanglement is a quantum mechanical phenomenon where the behavior of two separate qubits becomes correlated. When two qubits are entangled, changes made to one qubit will directly affect the other. This property of entanglement is harnessed in quantum algorithms to solve complex problems efficiently.

Overall, quantum computing represents a significant departure from classical computing. It leverages the principles of quantum mechanics, utilizing superconductors, superposition, and entanglement to perform computations that would be infeasible for classical computers. The elegant design, small form factor, and energy efficiency of quantum computers make them a promising technology for solving complex problems in various fields, such as cryptography, optimization, and drug discovery. As researchers continue to advance the field of quantum computing, we can expect to witness even more breakthroughs and applications in the future.

Source: https://www.ibm.com/topics/quantum-computing

Explainer: What is a quantum computer?

Source: https://www.technologyreview.com/2019/01/29/66141/what-is-quantum-computing/

What is Quantum Computing? – Quantum Computing Explained – AWS

Quantum computing is a rapidly advancing field that aims to harness the principles of quantum mechanics to revolutionize computation. Unlike classical computers, which use bits to represent information as either a 0 or a 1, quantum computers utilize quantum bits, or qubits, which can exist in a superposition of both 0 and 1 states simultaneously. This property allows quantum computers to perform complex calculations at a much faster rate than classical computers.

There is currently no consensus on the best approach to building a fault-tolerant quantum computer, and various companies and research groups are exploring different types of qubits. One example is gate-based ion trap processors, which use the electronic states of charged atoms, known as ions, to implement qubits. These ions are confined and suspended above microfabricated traps using electromagnetic fields. Quantum gates are then applied to manipulate the electronic state of the ion, with the use of lasers. Unlike some other qubit technologies, trapped ion qubits utilize naturally occurring atoms.

Another approach is gate-based superconducting processors, which rely on superconductivity, a phenomenon exhibited by certain materials at extremely low temperatures. Superconducting qubits are constructed using superconducting electric circuits that operate at cryogenic temperatures. The critical temperature of these materials is below which electrical resistance is eliminated, enabling the creation of long-lasting electric currents.

Photonic processors manipulate light for computations in quantum photonic processors. These systems use quantum light sources that emit squeezed-light pulses. The qubits in photonic quantum computers correspond to different modes of a continuous operator, such as position or momentum.

Neutral atom processors, similar to trapped ion technology, employ light to trap and hold qubits in position. Unlike charged atoms used in trapped ion processors, neutral atom qubits are not charged, and the circuits can operate at room temperature.

Rydberg atom processors utilize excited atoms with electrons positioned further away from the nucleus. These atoms exhibit unique characteristics, including heightened responses to electric and magnetic fields and extended lifetimes. By utilizing different states, these atoms can be used as qubits with strong and controllable atomic interactions.

Finally, quantum annealers offer a different approach to quantum computing. Quantum annealing involves placing the qubits of a quantum system in an absolute energy minimum, and then gently altering the system’s configuration to reflect the problem that needs to be solved. Quantum annealers can handle a larger number of qubits compared to gate-based systems, but their application is limited to specific cases.

In conclusion, quantum computing is a multidisciplinary field that encompasses various qubit technologies. Gate-based ion trap processors, gate-based superconducting processors, photonic processors, neutral atom processors, Rydberg atom processors, and quantum annealers are all examples of different approaches being explored to develop practical quantum computers. The field continues to evolve, with researchers pushing the boundaries of our understanding and capabilities in quantum computing.

Source: https://aws.amazon.com/what-is/quantum-computing/

What is quantum computing?

Quantum computing is a revolutionary approach to computing that utilizes the principles of quantum physics. Unlike classical computers that rely on bits to store information as zeros and ones, quantum computers use quantum bits or qubits, which can represent a combination of both zero and one simultaneously. This property is known as superposition and allows quantum computers to explore a massive number of paths simultaneously.

While classical computers solve problems by conducting a new calculation every time a variable changes, quantum computers can process multiple variables simultaneously, thanks to the interaction between qubits. This capability enables quantum computers to solve complex problems faster than classical computers. In 2019, Google’s quantum computer made a significant breakthrough by solving a problem in 200 seconds that would have taken a classical computer 10,000 years.

Although quantum computing is still in its early stages, it holds immense potential. McKinsey has identified quantum computing as one of the three main areas of emerging quantum technology that could have a significant impact by 2035. However, the development of quantum computers faces several challenges. One major obstacle is the delicate nature of qubits, which can lose or alter information when their status changes, affecting the accuracy of results. Additionally, building quantum computers with the scale required for significant breakthroughs will require millions of connected qubits, a goal that current quantum computers have yet to achieve.

In the near future, businesses will be able to access quantum services via the cloud from major computing companies. While quantum computing is not expected to be widely available for individual use, companies will gradually derive value from quantum computing by leveraging its capabilities to solve complex problems and reach optimal solutions in finance, logistics, and other industries.

Beyond quantum computing, other quantum technologies such as quantum communication (QComms) and quantum sensing (QS) are also being developed. QComms focuses on enabling strong encryption protocols, enhancing the security of sensitive information, while QS allows for more accurate measurements of physical properties like temperature and magnetic fields. Although the markets for QComms and QS are currently smaller than that of quantum computing, they are expected to attract significant interest and funding in the future, with a projected revenue generation of $13 billion by 2030.

However, the advancement of quantum technologies is hindered by a talent gap. The demand for quantum professionals exceeds the current supply, potentially jeopardizing the estimated value creation of $1.3 trillion. McKinsey predicts that by 2025, less than 50 percent of quantum jobs will be filled unless significant changes occur in the talent pool or the rate of quantum job creation. Organizations can learn from the AI talent journey and implement strategies to build the necessary quantum talent pool to capture the value offered by quantum computing.

In summary, quantum computing represents a groundbreaking approach to computing that leverages quantum physics principles. While it is still in the early stages of development, quantum computing has the potential to solve complex problems more efficiently than classical computers. Other quantum technologies like quantum communication and quantum sensing are also emerging, offering enhanced security and more accurate measurements. However, the shortage of quantum professionals poses a challenge to realizing the full potential of these technologies.

Source: https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/mckinsey-explainers/what-is-quantum-computing

Quantum Computing: Definition, How It’s Used, and Example

Quantum computing is a field of computer science that harnesses the principles of quantum theory to process information. Unlike classical computers, which use binary bits to encode information as either 0s or 1s, quantum computers utilize qubits, which can exist in multiple states simultaneously. This ability to be in a superposition of states enables quantum computers to perform calculations that would take classical computers millions of years.

The concept of quantum computing emerged in the 1980s when researchers discovered that certain computational problems could be more efficiently solved using quantum algorithms. Quantum computers have the potential to revolutionize various industries due to their ability to sift through a vast number of possibilities and extract potential solutions to complex problems. Major companies such as IBM, Microsoft, Google, and many others have shown interest in quantum computing and its projected market size.

The applications of quantum computing span numerous fields, including security, military affairs and intelligence, drug design and discovery, aerospace designing, utilities such as nuclear fusion, polymer design, artificial intelligence, search, and digital manufacturing. For example, quantum computing could improve secure information sharing, enhance radar systems’ capabilities in detecting missiles and aircraft, and aid in environmental preservation by using chemical sensors to keep water clean.

Two fundamental features of quantum computing are superposition and entanglement. Superposition refers to the ability of qubits to exist in a combination of all possible configurations, creating complex computational spaces. Entanglement allows pairs of qubits to become interconnected, affecting each other predictably and enabling quantum algorithms to solve complex problems. However, quantum systems are susceptible to decoherence, which occurs when qubits lose their quantum behavior due to external disturbances. Therefore, it is crucial to protect qubits from interference using techniques such as supercooling and isolation.

Despite its vast potential, quantum computing faces limitations. Quantum computers require extremely low temperatures, minimal atmospheric pressure, and insulation from the Earth’s magnetic field, making their operation challenging. Additionally, quantum systems currently have short coherence times, resulting in data loss and making data recovery difficult.

Compared to classical computers, quantum computers have a more basic structure and no memory or processor. Quantum computers process information differently, leveraging the power of qubits and quantum algorithms, which exponentially increase computational power as qubits are added. Classical computers, on the other hand, operate using bits and linearly increase processing power with additional bits. While classical computers are suitable for everyday tasks with low error rates, quantum computers excel at more advanced tasks like simulations, data analysis, and energy-efficient battery design, despite their higher error rates.

Developments in quantum computing are underway by companies like Google, IBM, and Microsoft. Google aims to build a quantum computer by 2029, while IBM plans to have a 1,000-qubit quantum computer by 2023. These companies are investing significant resources into developing quantum computing technology and offering access to quantum computers for research organizations and universities. Financial services firms like JPMorgan Chase and Visa are also showing interest in quantum computing and its potential applications.

In simple terms, quantum computing refers to computing performed by quantum computers, which have the ability to store more information and operate with more efficient algorithms than classical computers. Building a quantum computer is a time-consuming and costly process, but advancements in the field are being made. While quantum computers are significantly faster than classical computers, their implementation currently faces challenges and limitations. Nonetheless, quantum computing holds immense promise for solving complex tasks and is poised to make a significant impact across various industries.

Source: https://www.investopedia.com/terms/q/quantum-computing.asp

Quantum computers: what are they good for?

Quantum computers have been hailed as revolutionary machines with the potential to transform various fields such as drug discovery, encryption cracking, financial transactions, machine learning, materials development, and climate change mitigation. However, despite the excitement surrounding quantum computing, the reality is that the technology is still in its early stages and faces significant challenges.

Researchers like Winfried Hensinger, a physicist at the University of Sussex, admit that current quantum computers are terrible and can’t perform useful tasks. However, they remain optimistic about the progress being made. Jeannette Garcia, a senior research manager at IBM, acknowledges the amount of work that still needs to be done but emphasizes the surprising advancements made so far.

One of the main challenges in building quantum computers lies in the hardware. Quantum bits, or qubits, are used to store data in quantum computers, and they can be created using different technologies. However, qubits need to be robust against errors caused by factors like thermal vibrations and electromagnetic interference. Decoherence, the leakage of information from the qubits, is a major hurdle that needs to be overcome through error-correction techniques.

Another obstacle is the need for a large number of qubits to perform useful computations. Currently, the largest quantum computer has 433 qubits, but calculations involving quantum chemistry and breaking cryptography require millions or even billions of qubits. However, recent research suggests that some of the challenges in quantum chemistry calculations can be overcome through hardware breakthroughs and algorithm optimizations.

Despite these challenges, researchers are making progress in specific areas. IBM’s team has achieved quantum simulations of molecules like the sulfonium ion using a relatively modest quantum processor. They have also implemented techniques to reduce errors in quantum computers, such as error mitigation and entanglement forging.

Experts predict that the first commercial applications of quantum computing may be in fields like chemistry calculations, financial risk management, materials science, and logistics optimization. Quantum versions of machine learning algorithms also show promise, as they could require fewer parameters and less training data compared to classical algorithms. However, quantum machine learning is still in its early stages and has yet to surpass classical algorithms.

While there is optimism about the future of quantum computing, researchers emphasize the need for a long-term perspective. Building useful quantum computers will take time, and it will be a slow process of improvement driven by fresh ideas and the development of new algorithms. Establishing a quantum-skilled workforce is crucial for advancing the field.

In conclusion, quantum computers hold tremendous potential but are still far from fulfilling their promises. Researchers are making progress in overcoming challenges related to hardware and algorithms, but practical applications are likely years away. Patience and a long-term perspective are necessary for the continued development of quantum computing.

Source: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-01692-9

What is Quantum Computing | Microsoft Azure

Introduction to Quantum Computing:

Quantum computing is a revolutionary approach to computation that leverages the principles of quantum mechanics. To understand quantum computing, we first need to define some key terms.

Quantum refers to the smallest discrete unit of any physical property, typically associated with atomic or subatomic particles like electrons and photons. In the context of quantum computing, quantum mechanics is the underlying framework used to perform calculations.

A qubit, short for quantum bit, is the fundamental unit of information in quantum computing. While classical computing uses bits that can only represent either 0 or 1, qubits can exist in a superposition of multiple states simultaneously.

Quantum computers utilize the unique behavior of quantum physics, such as superposition, entanglement, and quantum interference, to perform computations. These concepts introduce new methods beyond traditional programming approaches.

Superposition is a phenomenon in which quantum particles exist in a combination of all possible states. They fluctuate until observed and measured. In contrast, classical bits are either 0 or 1. To illustrate this, imagine a coin: classical bits are like flipping the coin and getting either heads or tails, whereas a qubit in superposition can simultaneously display both heads and tails, as well as all intermediate states.

Entanglement is the ability of quantum particles to correlate their measurement results with each other. When qubits are entangled, they form a single system and influence each other. The measurements of one qubit can provide insights into the others. By entangling multiple qubits, quantum computers can handle exponentially more information and tackle complex problems.

Quantum interference is a phenomenon caused by superposition that affects the probability of a qubit collapsing into a particular state. Quantum computers are designed to minimize interference and achieve accurate results. Microsoft, for example, employs topological qubits, which are stabilized by manipulating their structure and protecting them from external interference.

Now let’s explore how quantum computing works and its components. A quantum computer typically consists of three primary parts.

Firstly, the unit housing the qubits is kept at an extremely low temperature, just above absolute zero, to maximize their coherence and minimize interference. Alternatively, a vacuum chamber can be used to reduce vibrations and stabilize the qubits.

Signals can be transmitted to the qubits through various means such as microwaves, lasers, or voltage. These signals interact with the qubits to perform computations.

Quantum computing has the potential to make a significant impact in several areas, even though it may not outperform classical computers in all aspects.

Quantum simulation is a prime application of quantum computers. Due to their ability to utilize quantum phenomena, they excel at modeling complex quantum systems that would overwhelm classical computers. Examples of systems that can be modeled include photosynthesis, superconductivity, and intricate molecular formations.

Cryptography is another area where quantum computers show promise. Traditional cryptographic algorithms rely on problems that are difficult to solve, such as integer factorization or discrete logarithms. Quantum computers offer more efficient solutions to these problems, potentially affecting data security.

Optimization involves finding the best solution given specific constraints. Quantum-inspired optimization algorithms can be executed on classical computers, allowing for previously unattainable solutions. This can have implications in managing complex systems like traffic flows, airplane gate assignments, package deliveries, and energy storage.

Quantum machine learning aims to enhance the field of machine learning, which currently faces computational limitations. By developing quantum software, we can speed up the training of machine learning models and advance the field.

Search algorithms developed for quantum computing have shown significant improvements over classical algorithms when dealing with unstructured data searches.

For those interested in exploring quantum computing, Azure Quantum offers valuable resources. Azure provides the opportunity to build and experiment with quantum computing, offering free trial periods and pay-as-you-go pricing, without requiring an upfront commitment.

In summary, quantum computing harnesses the principles of quantum mechanics to revolutionize computation. Qubits, superposition, entanglement, and quantum interference are the building blocks of quantum computing. While quantum computers have specific areas of advantage, they are not universally superior to classical computers. Quantum simulation, cryptography, optimization, machine learning, and search algorithms are among the potential applications of quantum computing. Azure Quantum provides resources for those interested in exploring and building with quantum computing technology.

Source: https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/resources/cloud-computing-dictionary/what-is-quantum-computing/

ALL ABOUT QUANTUM COMPUTING

Quantum computing is poised to revolutionize the world as we know it, with potential applications that will impact various sectors, from mobility to healthcare. Traditional computing, based on binary systems of ones and zeros, pales in comparison to the extraordinary capabilities of quantum computers. IBM, a multinational company, has taken significant steps in quantum computing, with plans to release the Q System One, a glass cube housing 20 qubits, to businesses and researchers.

Quantum computing is based on the principles of superposition and quantum entanglement, utilizing a different computation method compared to traditional computing. It has the potential to store more states per unit of information and operate with more efficient algorithms, such as Shor’s or quantum annealing. By harnessing the principles of quantum mechanics, quantum computers overcome the limitations of classical computing. Although scalability and coherence remain challenges, quantum computing allows for multiple simultaneous operations and eliminates the tunnel effect that restricts nanoscale programming in current systems.

In quantum computing, the qubit replaces the conventional bit as the basic unit of information. Unlike bits, qubits can exist in a coherent superposition of ones and zeros. This property allows a quantum computer with just 30 qubits to perform billions of floating-point operations per second. This level of computational power far surpasses even the most powerful video game consoles on the market.

While quantum and traditional computing share some similarities, they have significant differences. Quantum computing lacks its own programming code and relies on the development and implementation of specific algorithms. In contrast, traditional computing utilizes standardized languages like Java, SQL, and Python. Furthermore, quantum computers are not intended for everyday use but rather for specialized applications in the corporate, scientific, and technological fields. The architecture of quantum computers is simpler, consisting of a set of qubits without memory or processors.

Operating conditions are crucial for quantum computers, as they require precise pressure and temperature conditions as well as insulation. Interactions with external particles can lead to measurement errors and the erasure of state overlaps, making it necessary to operate quantum computers in sealed environments using conventional computers. These machines must operate under low atmospheric pressure, close to absolute zero temperature (-273°C), and isolation from the Earth’s magnetic field to prevent interference. Additionally, quantum systems only operate for short intervals due to the vulnerability of the stored information.

Advances in quantum computing have the potential to revolutionize various fields. In finance, companies can optimize investment portfolios and enhance fraud detection and simulation systems. The healthcare sector stands to benefit from the development of new drugs, genetically customized treatments, and advancements in DNA research. Quantum computing also presents opportunities for cybersecurity, with advances in data encryption, such as the Quantum Key Distribution system. This system utilizes light signals to detect intruders and ensure secure communication. Furthermore, quantum computing can contribute to the development of more efficient aircraft and advance traffic planning systems and route optimization in the mobility and transport sector.

In conclusion, quantum computing is on the verge of transforming technology and various industries. Its superior computational power and unique properties have the potential to revolutionize fields ranging from finance and healthcare to cybersecurity and transportation. As companies like IBM continue to make advancements in quantum computing, we can expect a future where the impossible becomes possible, driven by the power of quantum computers.

Source: https://www.iberdrola.com/innovation/what-is-quantum-computing

What Is Quantum Computing? The Complete WIRED Guide

Quantum computing is a groundbreaking field that aims to revolutionize the world of computing by harnessing the principles of quantum physics. It involves manipulating quantum bits, or qubits, which can exist in multiple states simultaneously thanks to a property called superposition. Unlike classical bits, which can be either 0 or 1, qubits can be 0, 1, or both at the same time.

One of the most fascinating aspects of quantum computing is the concept of superpositioning. Imagine flipping a coin and it landing on both heads and tails simultaneously. This is similar to what happens with qubits. They can exist in a state of both 0 and 1, allowing for an exponentially larger number of possibilities and computations to be processed simultaneously.

Another intriguing principle of quantum computing is entanglement, often referred to as spooky action at a distance. When qubits become entangled, their states become linked, regardless of the physical distance between them. This phenomenon allows for the transmission of information faster than the speed of light, challenging our traditional understanding of cause and effect.

Quantum computing has the potential to solve complex problems that are currently beyond the capabilities of classical computers. It could revolutionize fields such as cryptography, optimization, drug discovery, and material science. For example, quantum computers could break encryption codes, leading to the need for new cryptographic methods that are resistant to quantum attacks.

However, building practical quantum computers is a significant challenge. Qubits are extremely fragile and easily affected by external disturbances. Scientists and engineers are working on different approaches to qubit implementation, such as using superconducting circuits, trapped ions, topological qubits, and more. Each approach has its own advantages and disadvantages, and researchers are striving to find the most viable solutions.

Despite the obstacles, progress is being made in the field of quantum computing. Tech giants like IBM, Google, Microsoft, and Intel, as well as startups and research institutions, are investing heavily in quantum research and development. Quantum computers with a few dozen qubits have already been built, and researchers are actively exploring ways to scale up the technology.

Quantum computing is a multidisciplinary field that combines elements of physics, computer science, and engineering. It requires expertise in quantum mechanics, quantum information theory, algorithm design, and error correction, among other areas. As the field advances, new breakthroughs are expected, bringing us closer to the realization of practical quantum computers.

In conclusion, quantum computing is a fascinating and rapidly evolving field that holds immense potential. It leverages the principles of quantum physics to process information in ways that were previously unimaginable. While there are still many challenges to overcome, the progress being made in quantum research brings us closer to a future where quantum computers can tackle complex problems and drive innovation in various fields.

Source: https://www.wired.com/story/wired-guide-to-quantum-computing/

IBM Quantum Computing

IBM Quantum Computing

IBM is a leading technology company known for its innovations in various fields, including quantum computing. Quantum computing is a revolutionary approach to computing that leverages the principles of quantum mechanics to perform complex computations at an unprecedented speed. IBM has been at the forefront of quantum computing research and development, making significant strides in this field.

One of the key aspects of IBM’s quantum computing initiative is the IBM Quantum Experience, which is a cloud-based platform that allows researchers, developers, and enthusiasts to access and experiment with real quantum hardware. This platform provides users with a hands-on experience in working with quantum systems and allows them to run their own quantum algorithms.

IBM has also developed a programming framework called Qiskit, which enables developers to write quantum programs and execute them on IBM’s quantum hardware. Qiskit provides a set of tools and libraries that simplify the development process and allow users to explore the capabilities of quantum computing.

In addition to their efforts in quantum computing research, IBM has also been actively collaborating with various organizations and institutions to advance the field. They have established partnerships with universities, research labs, and industry leaders to foster innovation and accelerate the development of quantum computing technologies.

IBM’s commitment to quantum computing extends beyond research and development. They have also been working towards building a quantum community by organizing events, hackathons, and workshops to engage with developers and enthusiasts. These initiatives aim to educate and inspire individuals to explore the possibilities of quantum computing.

Apart from quantum computing, IBM is also known for its diverse range of web domains. These web domains serve various purposes, from providing information and insights on business to hosting cloud-based services. Some notable IBM web domains include ibm.com, ibm.dev, ibm.org, insights-on-business.com, jazz.net, merge.com, micromedex.com, mobilebusinessinsights.com, and many others.

IBM’s web domains cater to different aspects of the company’s operations. For example, insights-on-business.com offers valuable articles and resources related to various industries, while ibm.dev focuses on providing tools and resources for developers. These web domains play a crucial role in disseminating information, promoting IBM’s products and services, and engaging with their target audience.

In summary, IBM is a frontrunner in the field of quantum computing, with notable contributions in research, development, and community building. Their efforts in advancing quantum computing technologies, such as the IBM Quantum Experience and Qiskit, have made quantum computing more accessible and have inspired developers and researchers worldwide. Additionally, IBM’s diverse web domains serve as platforms to share insights, provide services, and connect with their audience across different domains and industries.

Source: https://www.ibm.com/quantum